RATIONAL DESIGN AND SURFACE ENGINEERING OF FUNCTIONAL NANOBIOSENSOR PLATFORMS FOR ULTRA-TRACE DETECTION OF EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOMEDICAL CONTAMINANTS

Abstract

Emerging environmental and biomedical contaminants are increasingly difficult to detect because they often exist at ultra-trace levels and in complex matrices. This study examines the rational design and surface engineering of functional nanobiosensor platforms to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and real-sample performance. The proposed approach combines nanomaterial selection, controlled surface functionalization, and stable bioreceptor immobilization to strengthen signal transduction and reduce nonspecific adsorption. Analytical evaluation focuses on detection limit, linear range, response time, reproducibility, and matrix tolerance. The findings indicate that performance depends not only on the nanomaterial backbone but also on the nanobiointerface, where target recognition and signal conversion occur. Overall, the study supports mechanism-guided biosensor development for rapid, reliable, and field-relevant monitoring of contaminants in environmental and biomedical samples.